Vectors
Vectors are critical tools in modern biotechnology and medicine, particularly in gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer immunotherapy like CAR-T cell therapy. They act as carriers to deliver genetic material or therapeutic agents into cells, enabling precise interventions at the molecular level. Over the years, significant advancements have transformed vector technologies, enhancing their efficiency, safety, and scalability.
Viral Vectors
Viral vectors use modified viruses to deliver genetic material into target cells. Common types include:
Adenoviral Vectors: Widely used for vaccines and gene therapy due to their ability to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells.
Lentiviral Vectors: Often used for CAR-T therapy and long-term gene expression.
Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors: Known for their safety profile and minimal immune response, ideal for treating genetic disorders.
Non-Viral Vectors
Non-viral vectors are synthetic systems designed to overcome the limitations of viral vectors, such as immunogenicity.
Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs): Used for delivering mRNA in vaccines (e.g., COVID-19 mRNA vaccines).
Polymer-Based Vectors: Biodegradable carriers designed for safe and effective delivery.
Extracellular Vesicle (EV)- Based Vectors
EVs, including exosomes, are emerging as powerful natural carriers for gene and drug delivery.
EVs can encapsulate and transport RNA, DNA, and proteins with high specificity and low immunogenicity.
They are biocompatible and capable of crossing biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier.